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This is a typical shell and tube heat exchanger. Note the numerous inner tubes (inside the structure), and the shell that houses them.
All heat exchangers are based on the same principle, that is, a hot fluid flowing over/around a cooler fluid transfers its heat (and therefore its energy) in the direction of the cold fluid.Think about the first time you grab a steering wheel on a cold day. At first, the temperature difference between your hand and the steering wheel is huge, and you can feel how cold it is.However, if you keep holding on to the wheel, some of the heat in your hands will be absorbed by the cold wheel, and the wheel will "heat up".This example is an intuitive way to understand the basic principle of any heat exchanger: take two liquids at different temperatures next to each other and let them "exchange" heat through some conduction barrier.
Briefly speaking, shell and tube heat exchanger is a device that places two working fluids in thermal contact. It uses a tube located in an outer cylindrical shell.These two complete channels are usually made of conductive metals that are easy to conduct heat (steel, aluminum alloy, etc.).Pipes carry fluid from the inlet to the outlet (" tube side "flows), while shells carry individual fluids through these pipes (" shell side" flows).The number of tubes, called bundles, will determine how much surface area is exposed in the shell side, and thus how much heat is transferred.These devices are one of the most efficient means of heat exchange because they are easy to manufacture, maintain, compact, and provide good heat transfer.They are widely distributed in industry, used in condensers, turbine coolers, evaporators, preheating water supply, etc.
How do shell and tube heat exchangers work?
The picture above shows a typical configuration of shell and tube heat exchangers with easy-to-read labels.As mentioned earlier, the basic point of shell and tube heat exchanger is to make the hot fluid pass through the cold fluid without mixing with it, so that only heat is transferred.The figure above shows two inlets and two outlets in which each fluid starts at its respective inlet and flows out of the device through the outlet.The pipe side flows through the bundle (held in place by a metal plate called a tubeplate or tubeplate) and out of the pipe outlet.Similarly, the shell side flow starts at the inlet of the shell, goes through these tubes, and then flows out at the outlet of the shell.Collect tubes on either side of the bundle create storage tanks for the side flow of the pipe and can be divided into multiple sections depending on the specific type of heat exchanger.
Shell and tube heat exchangers can be single-phase or two-phase.Single-phase heat exchanger keeps the phase of the fluid constant throughout the process (such as liquid water entering and liquid water leaving), while two-phase heat exchanger causes phase change during the heat transfer process (such as steam entering and liquid water leaving).They can also be single-pass or multi-pass and simply describe the number of times the pipe/shell pass through the equipment.Figure 1 shows a multipass configuration in which the shell flow passes through the coolant pipe several times before flowing out through the outlet.If the baffle is not shown in Figure 1, the heat exchanger will be considered as a one-way device because the tube side flow and the shell side flow pass through each other only once.
These heat exchangers are widely used in chemical plants, generators, refrigerators and other industries.Modular heat exchangers can be bought and will operate in most small-scale situations, but larger heat exchangers require additional leg work.They are built on the basis of the processes they are involved in;Therefore, it is necessary to carry out process design to make its specific design parameters match with TEMA standard parts.That way, buyers can order their heat exchanger and know it will work flawlessly in their application.
Parameters we need to do process design:
The composition and flow rates of the fluids
The temperature change desired
The fluid properties needed (density, viscosity, thermal conductivity)
The desired operating temperature and pressure
This list is far from exhaustive, but defining these parameters will bring you one step closer to building the right heat exchanger. It is best to understand the necessary mechanical and thermal needs first before going to any vendor, so use these questions to help identify the needs for your heat exchanger application.
Major international standards to follow during design and fabrication of shell and tube heat exchangers:
ASME Section VIII Div.1
TEMA
API 660
Certificates We Hold:
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